Insect Community Status in Different Field Conditions and Clones in Kaliwining Cocoa Experimental Station, East Java, Indonesia
Sisko Budianto, Wiwin Windriyanti, Sri Wiyatiningsih, Indah Anitasari
Main Article Content
Abstract
Insect communities are vital to the ecological and economic success of cocoa agroforestry systems, providing essential functions such in pollination, pest control, and nutrient cycling. Their presence and performance are shaped by field structure, clone genetics, habitat complexity, and agricultural practices. This research was conducted at the Experimental Station of the Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute in Jember, East Java, which focused on two distinct types of cocoa fields (differences in planting years, plant density, and shade trees) and clones (clone ICCRI03, ICCRI09, and MCC02). The research highlights are the role of field conditions and genetic factors in shaping insect diversity and abundance. The trapping method used a yellow trap, and field conditions included plant height, canopy width, and leaf litter amount, which were measured. The observation revealed 35 insect morphospecies from 30 families and eight non- insect morphospecies, emphasizing the functional diversity of these communities. Field conditions and clones did not have a significant effect on insect abundance and diversity. Field conditions, including plant height, canopy width, and leaf litter amount, did not show a strong correlation with the abundance of insects. Field with more shade trees and vegetation, had a greater abundance of insects, notably predators and decomposers. MCC02 favored pollinator populations, ICCRI03 boosted predators and parasitoids, and ICCRI09 increased overall diversity. However, pollinators and omnivores showed minimal variety across fields and clones. Shannon diversity index values (H’ = 1.59-1.75) suggested moderate biodiversity with uneven species distribution. The study underscores the importance of main- taining habitat complexity, optimizing field management, and strategic clone selection to enhance ecosystem services like pollination and pest control while fostering biodiversity.
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Budianto, S., Windriyanti, W., Wiyatiningsih, S., & Sari, I. A. (2025). Insect Community Status in Different Field Conditions and Clones in Kaliwining Cocoa Experimental Station, East Java, Indonesia: Sisko Budianto, Wiwin Windriyanti, Sri Wiyatiningsih, Indah Anitasari. Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal), 41(2), 109-124. https://doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v41i2.629
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References
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Bellamy, A. S., Svensson, O., van den Brink, P. J., Gunnarsson, J., & Tedengren, M. (2018). Insect community composition and functional roles along a tropical agricultural production gradient. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(14), 13426–13438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1818-4
Blaser, W. J., Oppong, J., Yeboah, E., & Six, J. (2017). Shade trees have limited benefits for soil fertility in cocoa agroforests. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 243, 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.04.007
Burns, K. L. W., & Stanley, D. A. (2022). The importance and value of insect pollination to apples: A regional case study of key cultivars. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.107911
Camargo-Vanegas, J., de la Hoz-Pedraza, S., Sierra-Chamorro, H., & Guerrero, R. J. (2024). The Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of Leaf-Litter Dwelling Ants in the Tropical Dry Forest of the Colombian Caribbean. Diversity, 16(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110687
Chumacero de Schawe, C., Kessler, M., Hensen, I., & Tscharntke, T. (2018). Abundance and diversity of flower visitors on wild and cultivated cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in Bolivia. Agroforestry Systems, 92(1), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-016-0019-8
Córdoba, C., Cerda, R., Deheuvels, O., DeClerck, F.A.J., 2013. Polinizadores, polinizacion ´ y produccion ´ potencial de cacao en sistemas agroforestales de Bocas del Toro. Panam´ a. AgroforesterÃa en las Am´ericas 49, 26–32.
Dani, D., & Rokhmah, D. N. (2022). A review of the role of pollination on the yield of cocoa plant. Kultivasi, 21(3). https://doi.org/10.24198/kultivasi.v21i3.41513
Frimpong, E. A., Gemmill-Herren, B., Gordon, I., & Kwapong, P. K. (2011). DYNAMICS OF INSECT POLLINATORS AS INFLUENCED BY COCOA PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN GHANA. In Journal of Pollination Ecology (Vol. 5, Issue 10).
Garratt, M. P. D., Breeze, T. D., Jenner, N., Polce, C., Biesmeijer, J. C., & Potts, S. G. (2014). Avoiding a bad apple: Insect pollination enhances fruit quality and economic value. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 184, 34–40. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.10.032
Gols, R., & Harvey, J. A. (2023). Integrating chemical plant trait- and ecological-based approaches to better understand differences in insect herbivory between cultivated and natural systems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2023.108643
Gomez, K. and Gomez, A. A., (1984). Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research Second Edition A Wiley-intersclence Publication. Wiley, J., & York Chichester Brisbane Toronto, Singapore.
Grimbacher, P. S., Edwards, W., Liddell, M. J., Nelson, P. N., Nichols, C., Wardhaugh, C. W., & Stork, N. E. (2018). Temporal variation in abundance of leaf litter beetles and ants in an Australian lowland tropical rainforest is driven by climate and litter fall. Biodiversity and Conservation, 27(10), 2625–2640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1558-2
Ikhsan, Z., Hidrayani, Yaherwandi, & Hamid, H. (2020). The diversity and abundance of hymenoptera insects on tidal swamp rice field in Indragiri Hilir district, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 21(3), 1020–1026. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d210323
Jaramillo, M. A., Reyes-Palencia, J., & Jiménez, P. (2024). Floral biology and flower visitors of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in the upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia. Flora: Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2024.152480
Leal, C. R. O., Oliveira Silva, J., Sousa-Souto, L., & de Siqueira Neves, F. (2016). Vegetation structure determines insect herbivore diversity in seasonally dry tropical forests. Journal of Insect Conservation, 20(6), 979–988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-016-9930-6
Lucatero, A., Jha, S., & Philpott, S. M. (2024). Local Habitat Complexity and Its Effects on Herbivores and Predators in Urban Agroecosystems. Insects, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15010041
Mertens, D., Bouwmeester, K., & Poelman, E. H. (2021). Intraspecific variation in plant-associated herbivore communities is phylogenetically structured in Brassicaceae. In Ecology Letters (Vol. 24, Issue 11, pp. 2314–2327). John Wiley and Sons Inc. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13852
Mortimer, R., Saj, S., & David, C. (2018). Supporting and regulating ecosystem services in cacao agroforestry systems. Agroforestry Systems, 92(6), 1639–1657. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-017-0113-6
Pimentel, D., Stachow, U., Takacs, D. A., Brubaker, H. W., Dumas, A. R., Meaney, J. J., O’Neil, J. A. S., Onsi, D. E., & Corzilius, D. B. (1992). Conserving Biological Diversity in Agricultural/Forestry Systems: Most biological diversity exists in human-managed ecosystems. BioScience, 42(5), 354–362. https://doi.org/10.2307/1311782
Ponce-Sánchez, J., Zurita-Benavides, M. G., & Peñuela, M. C. (2021). Reproductive ecology of white cacao (Theobroma bicolor Humb. & Bonpl.) in Ecuador, western Amazonia: floral visitors and the impact of fungus and mistletoe on fruit production. Brazilian Journal of Botany, 44(2), 479–489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40415-021-00709-9
Prasifka, J. R., Mallinger, R. E., Portlas, Z. M., Hulke, B. S., Fugate, K. K., Paradis, T., Hampton, M. E., & Carter, C. J. (2018). Using nectar-related traits to enhance crop-pollinator interactions. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00812
Schowalter, T. D., Noriega, J. A., & Tscharntke, T. (2018). Insect effects on ecosystem services—Introduction. In Basic and Applied Ecology (Vol. 26, pp. 1–7). Elsevier GmbH. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2017.09.011
Stejskalová, M., Konradyová, V., Suchanová, M., & Kazda, J. (2018). Is pollinator visitation of Helianthus annuus (sunflower) influenced by cultivar or pesticide treatment? Crop Protection, 114, 83–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2018.08.018
T, C., N, S., B. R, A., A. R. V, K., Mulimani, V., & C. N, L. R. (2024). Insect Diversity and Abundance in Yellow Sticky Traps across Various Growth Stages of the Cabbage Ecosystem. Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology, 27(9), 778–787. https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2024/v27i91351
Tassoni, S., Becker, D., Kasten, M. K., Morinière, J., & Grass, I. (2024). Insect conservation in agricultural landscapes needs both high crop heterogeneity and semi-natural habitats. Global Ecology and Conservation, 55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e03218
Toledo-Hernández, M., Tscharntke, T., Tjoa, A., Anshary, A., Cyio, B., & Wanger, T. C. (2021). Landscape and farm-level management for conservation of potential pollinators in Indonesian cocoa agroforests. Biological Conservation, 257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109106
Toledo-Hernández, M., Wanger, T. C., & Tscharntke, T. (2017). Neglected pollinators: Can enhanced pollination services improve cocoa yields? A review. In Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment (Vol. 247, pp. 137–148). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.05.021
Tscharntke, T., Clough, Y., Wanger, T. C., Jackson, L., Motzke, I., Perfecto, I., Vandermeer, J., & Whitbread, A. (2012). Global food security, biodiversity conservation and the future of agricultural intensification. In Biological Conservation (Vol. 151, Issue 1, pp. 53–59). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.01.068
Tscharntke, T., Ocampo-Ariza, C., & Kämper, W. (2024). Pollinator, pollen, and cultivar identity drive crop quality. In Trends in Plant Science. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2024.10.004
Ulfah, M., Fajri, S. N., Nasir, M., Hamsah, K., & Purnawan, S. (2019). Diversity, evenness and dominance index reef fish in Krueng Raya Water, Aceh Besar. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 348(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/348/1/012074
Vandromme, M., Van de Sande, E., Pinceel, T., Vanhove, W., Trekels, H., & Vanschoenwinkel, B. (2023). Resolving the identity and breeding habitats of cryptic dipteran cacao flower visitors in a neotropical cacao agroforestry system. Basic and Applied Ecology, 68, 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2023.03.002
Vansynghel, J., Ocampo-Ariza, C., Maas, B., Martin, E. A., Thomas, E., Hanf-Dressler, T., Schumacher, N. C., Ulloque-Samatelo, C., Yovera, F. F., Tscharntke, T., & Steffan-Dewenter, I. (2022). Quantifying services and disservices provided by insects and vertebrates in cacao agroforestry landscapes. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 289(1982). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.1309
Venturieri, G. A. and Ribeiro Filho, A.A. (1995). A polinizaçao ˜ manual do cupuaçuzeiro (Theobroma grandiflorum). Acta Amazon 25, 181–192.
Verma, R. C., Waseem, M. A., Sharma, N., Bharathi, K., Singh, S., Anto Rashwin A., Pandey, S. K., & Singh, B. V. (2023). The Role of Insects in Ecosystems, an in-depth Review of Entomological Research. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 13(10), 4340–4348. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i103110
Windriyanti, W., Rahmadhini, N., Fernando, I., & Kusuma, R. M. (2023). Arthropods discovered on refugio flowering plants in Mangifera indica plantation. Biodiversitas, 24(9), 4747–4754. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d240915
Winfree, R., Fox, J. W., Williams, N. M., Reilly, J. R., & Cariveau, D. P. (2015). Abundance of common species, not species richness, drives delivery of a real-world ecosystem service. Ecology Letters, 18(7), 626–635. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12424
Zakariyya, F., Sulistyowati, E., & Rahayu, D. S. (2016). Abundance of pollinator insect (Forcipomyia spp .) of cocoa under some shade trees. Edition Pelita Perkebunan, 32(2), 91–100.
Andersson, G. K. S., Ekroos, J., Stjernman, M., Rundlöf, M., & Smith, H. G. (2014). Effects of farming intensity, crop rotation and landscape heterogeneity on field bean pollination. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 184, 145–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.12.002
Asmah, S., Ghazali, A., Syafiq, M., Yahya, M. S., Peng, T. L., Norhisham, A. R., Puan, C. L., Azhar, B., & Lindenmayer, D. B. (2017). Effects of polyculture and monoculture farming in oil palm smallholdings on tropical fruit-feeding butterfly diversity. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 19(1), 70–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12182
Bellamy, A. S., Svensson, O., van den Brink, P. J., Gunnarsson, J., & Tedengren, M. (2018). Insect community composition and functional roles along a tropical agricultural production gradient. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(14), 13426–13438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1818-4
Blaser, W. J., Oppong, J., Yeboah, E., & Six, J. (2017). Shade trees have limited benefits for soil fertility in cocoa agroforests. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 243, 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.04.007
Burns, K. L. W., & Stanley, D. A. (2022). The importance and value of insect pollination to apples: A regional case study of key cultivars. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.107911
Camargo-Vanegas, J., de la Hoz-Pedraza, S., Sierra-Chamorro, H., & Guerrero, R. J. (2024). The Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of Leaf-Litter Dwelling Ants in the Tropical Dry Forest of the Colombian Caribbean. Diversity, 16(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/d16110687
Chumacero de Schawe, C., Kessler, M., Hensen, I., & Tscharntke, T. (2018). Abundance and diversity of flower visitors on wild and cultivated cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in Bolivia. Agroforestry Systems, 92(1), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-016-0019-8
Córdoba, C., Cerda, R., Deheuvels, O., DeClerck, F.A.J., 2013. Polinizadores, polinizacion ´ y produccion ´ potencial de cacao en sistemas agroforestales de Bocas del Toro. Panam´ a. AgroforesterÃa en las Am´ericas 49, 26–32.
Dani, D., & Rokhmah, D. N. (2022). A review of the role of pollination on the yield of cocoa plant. Kultivasi, 21(3). https://doi.org/10.24198/kultivasi.v21i3.41513
Frimpong, E. A., Gemmill-Herren, B., Gordon, I., & Kwapong, P. K. (2011). DYNAMICS OF INSECT POLLINATORS AS INFLUENCED BY COCOA PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN GHANA. In Journal of Pollination Ecology (Vol. 5, Issue 10).
Garratt, M. P. D., Breeze, T. D., Jenner, N., Polce, C., Biesmeijer, J. C., & Potts, S. G. (2014). Avoiding a bad apple: Insect pollination enhances fruit quality and economic value. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 184, 34–40. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.10.032
Gols, R., & Harvey, J. A. (2023). Integrating chemical plant trait- and ecological-based approaches to better understand differences in insect herbivory between cultivated and natural systems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2023.108643
Gomez, K. and Gomez, A. A., (1984). Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research Second Edition A Wiley-intersclence Publication. Wiley, J., & York Chichester Brisbane Toronto, Singapore.
Grimbacher, P. S., Edwards, W., Liddell, M. J., Nelson, P. N., Nichols, C., Wardhaugh, C. W., & Stork, N. E. (2018). Temporal variation in abundance of leaf litter beetles and ants in an Australian lowland tropical rainforest is driven by climate and litter fall. Biodiversity and Conservation, 27(10), 2625–2640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1558-2
Ikhsan, Z., Hidrayani, Yaherwandi, & Hamid, H. (2020). The diversity and abundance of hymenoptera insects on tidal swamp rice field in Indragiri Hilir district, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 21(3), 1020–1026. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d210323
Jaramillo, M. A., Reyes-Palencia, J., & Jiménez, P. (2024). Floral biology and flower visitors of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in the upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia. Flora: Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2024.152480
Leal, C. R. O., Oliveira Silva, J., Sousa-Souto, L., & de Siqueira Neves, F. (2016). Vegetation structure determines insect herbivore diversity in seasonally dry tropical forests. Journal of Insect Conservation, 20(6), 979–988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-016-9930-6
Lucatero, A., Jha, S., & Philpott, S. M. (2024). Local Habitat Complexity and Its Effects on Herbivores and Predators in Urban Agroecosystems. Insects, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15010041
Mertens, D., Bouwmeester, K., & Poelman, E. H. (2021). Intraspecific variation in plant-associated herbivore communities is phylogenetically structured in Brassicaceae. In Ecology Letters (Vol. 24, Issue 11, pp. 2314–2327). John Wiley and Sons Inc. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13852
Mortimer, R., Saj, S., & David, C. (2018). Supporting and regulating ecosystem services in cacao agroforestry systems. Agroforestry Systems, 92(6), 1639–1657. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-017-0113-6
Pimentel, D., Stachow, U., Takacs, D. A., Brubaker, H. W., Dumas, A. R., Meaney, J. J., O’Neil, J. A. S., Onsi, D. E., & Corzilius, D. B. (1992). Conserving Biological Diversity in Agricultural/Forestry Systems: Most biological diversity exists in human-managed ecosystems. BioScience, 42(5), 354–362. https://doi.org/10.2307/1311782
Ponce-Sánchez, J., Zurita-Benavides, M. G., & Peñuela, M. C. (2021). Reproductive ecology of white cacao (Theobroma bicolor Humb. & Bonpl.) in Ecuador, western Amazonia: floral visitors and the impact of fungus and mistletoe on fruit production. Brazilian Journal of Botany, 44(2), 479–489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40415-021-00709-9
Prasifka, J. R., Mallinger, R. E., Portlas, Z. M., Hulke, B. S., Fugate, K. K., Paradis, T., Hampton, M. E., & Carter, C. J. (2018). Using nectar-related traits to enhance crop-pollinator interactions. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00812
Schowalter, T. D., Noriega, J. A., & Tscharntke, T. (2018). Insect effects on ecosystem services—Introduction. In Basic and Applied Ecology (Vol. 26, pp. 1–7). Elsevier GmbH. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2017.09.011
Stejskalová, M., Konradyová, V., Suchanová, M., & Kazda, J. (2018). Is pollinator visitation of Helianthus annuus (sunflower) influenced by cultivar or pesticide treatment? Crop Protection, 114, 83–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2018.08.018
T, C., N, S., B. R, A., A. R. V, K., Mulimani, V., & C. N, L. R. (2024). Insect Diversity and Abundance in Yellow Sticky Traps across Various Growth Stages of the Cabbage Ecosystem. Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology, 27(9), 778–787. https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2024/v27i91351
Tassoni, S., Becker, D., Kasten, M. K., Morinière, J., & Grass, I. (2024). Insect conservation in agricultural landscapes needs both high crop heterogeneity and semi-natural habitats. Global Ecology and Conservation, 55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e03218
Toledo-Hernández, M., Tscharntke, T., Tjoa, A., Anshary, A., Cyio, B., & Wanger, T. C. (2021). Landscape and farm-level management for conservation of potential pollinators in Indonesian cocoa agroforests. Biological Conservation, 257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109106
Toledo-Hernández, M., Wanger, T. C., & Tscharntke, T. (2017). Neglected pollinators: Can enhanced pollination services improve cocoa yields? A review. In Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment (Vol. 247, pp. 137–148). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.05.021
Tscharntke, T., Clough, Y., Wanger, T. C., Jackson, L., Motzke, I., Perfecto, I., Vandermeer, J., & Whitbread, A. (2012). Global food security, biodiversity conservation and the future of agricultural intensification. In Biological Conservation (Vol. 151, Issue 1, pp. 53–59). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.01.068
Tscharntke, T., Ocampo-Ariza, C., & Kämper, W. (2024). Pollinator, pollen, and cultivar identity drive crop quality. In Trends in Plant Science. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2024.10.004
Ulfah, M., Fajri, S. N., Nasir, M., Hamsah, K., & Purnawan, S. (2019). Diversity, evenness and dominance index reef fish in Krueng Raya Water, Aceh Besar. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 348(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/348/1/012074
Vandromme, M., Van de Sande, E., Pinceel, T., Vanhove, W., Trekels, H., & Vanschoenwinkel, B. (2023). Resolving the identity and breeding habitats of cryptic dipteran cacao flower visitors in a neotropical cacao agroforestry system. Basic and Applied Ecology, 68, 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2023.03.002
Vansynghel, J., Ocampo-Ariza, C., Maas, B., Martin, E. A., Thomas, E., Hanf-Dressler, T., Schumacher, N. C., Ulloque-Samatelo, C., Yovera, F. F., Tscharntke, T., & Steffan-Dewenter, I. (2022). Quantifying services and disservices provided by insects and vertebrates in cacao agroforestry landscapes. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 289(1982). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.1309
Venturieri, G. A. and Ribeiro Filho, A.A. (1995). A polinizaçao ˜ manual do cupuaçuzeiro (Theobroma grandiflorum). Acta Amazon 25, 181–192.
Verma, R. C., Waseem, M. A., Sharma, N., Bharathi, K., Singh, S., Anto Rashwin A., Pandey, S. K., & Singh, B. V. (2023). The Role of Insects in Ecosystems, an in-depth Review of Entomological Research. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 13(10), 4340–4348. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i103110
Windriyanti, W., Rahmadhini, N., Fernando, I., & Kusuma, R. M. (2023). Arthropods discovered on refugio flowering plants in Mangifera indica plantation. Biodiversitas, 24(9), 4747–4754. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d240915
Winfree, R., Fox, J. W., Williams, N. M., Reilly, J. R., & Cariveau, D. P. (2015). Abundance of common species, not species richness, drives delivery of a real-world ecosystem service. Ecology Letters, 18(7), 626–635. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12424
Zakariyya, F., Sulistyowati, E., & Rahayu, D. S. (2016). Abundance of pollinator insect (Forcipomyia spp .) of cocoa under some shade trees. Edition Pelita Perkebunan, 32(2), 91–100.