A Comparative Study of Carbon Storage in Two Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) Shade-Types and a Teak Plantation in the Moist Semi-deciduous Forest Zone of Ghana.
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Apr 1, 2021
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on life, it is important that steps are taken to mitigate its effects. With the intensification of cocoa production, there has been a shift in traditional cocoa farming over the years leading to the removal of shade trees, hence, removal of carbon sinks. This study was carried out to compare the amount of carbon stored in cocoa ecosystems to that of a 20 years teak plantation and to calculate the trade-off of carbon between the two systems. Cocoa farms of similar ages (20 years) were selected in which three-subplots were demarcated on each farm at Piase in the Bosomtwe District. Tree Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) was measured and soils samples were collected and analyzed for organic carbon percentage and bulk density. One-way Analysis of Variance was used to analyze above and belowground tree carbon and two-way analysis of variance was used to analyze soil organic carbon stored. Teak plantation recorded higher carbon stock (739.33±2.24 Mg C.ha-1) compared to full sun cocoa (9.36±2.24 Mg C.ha-1). Soil organic carbon across the three farms showed significant (p = 0.0010) variations with depths. The 0-20 cm soil depth stored significantly more (p = 0.0000) organic carbon compared to 20-40 cm soil depth. Total soil carbon stored revealed significant differences amongst the various farms with the full sun (40.857±0.52 Mg C.ha-1) being the least whilst the teak plantation stored the highest (72.42±0.52 Mg C.ha-1). Total carbon (above-ground tree carbon + below-ground tree carbon + soil organic carbon) showed significant difference (p= 0.0000) between land use types with shaded cocoa farm (74.3±0.89 Mg C.ha-1), full sun cocoa farm (32.02±0.89Mg C.ha-1) and that of the teak plantation (950.91±0.89 Mg C.ha-1) respectively. Traditional cocoa ecosystem (shaded cocoa farms) has the potential to store carbon significantly higher than that of the full sun systems.
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Nimo, E., Dawoe, E., & Afele, J. (2021). A Comparative Study of Carbon Storage in Two Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) Shade-Types and a Teak Plantation in the Moist Semi-deciduous Forest Zone of Ghana. Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal), 37(1). https://doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v37i1.448
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References
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Wade, A.S.I.; A. Asase; P. Hadley; J. Mason; K. Ofori-Frimpong; D. Preece; N.Spring & Norris K. (2010). Management strategies for maximizing carbon storage and tree species diversity in cocoa growing landscapes. Agriculture Ecosystem Environment; 138(3– 4):324–34
Asare, R., M. Bo., R. Asare., G. Anim-Kwapong, & R. Ræbild. (2018). ‘On-farm cocoa yields increase with canopy cover of shade trees in two agro-ecological zones in Ghana’. Climate and Development. DOI: 10.1080/17565529.2018.1442805
Asase, A & D.A.Tetteh (2016). Tree diversity, carbon stocks, and soil nutrients in cocoa- dominated and mixed food crops agroforestry systems compared to natural forest in South-East Ghana. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems. 40(1), 96-113.
Bandanaa, J.; I.S. Egyir & I. Asante, (2016). Cocoa farming household in Ghana consider organic practices as climate smart and livelihood enhancer. Agriculture and Food Secuirty. Vol (5):29
Boahene, K. (1998). The challenge of deforestation in tropical Africa: reflections on its principal causes, consequences and solutions. Available at https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099145X(199805/06)9:3<247::AID- LDR278>3.0.CO;2-G
Cairns, M.A.; S. Brown; H.E. Helmer. & G.A.Baumgardner (1997). Root Biomass Allocation in the World’s upland Forests. Springer. Oecologia 111(1), 1-11
Dawoe, E.; W. Asante; E. Achaempong & P.Bosu (2016). Shade tree diversity and aboveground carbon stocks in Theobroma cacao agroforestry systems: implications for REDD+ implementation in a West African cacao landscape. Carbon Balance and Management. Springer. Vol 11(17).
Dixon, R. (1995). ‘Sources of sinks of greenhouse gasses. Agroforestry Systems: 31(2):99–116.
Dormon, E.N.A.; A. Van-Huis; C.Leeuwis; D. Obeng-Ofori & O.Sakyi-Dawson, (2004). Causes of low productivity of cocoa in Ghana: farmers’ perspectives and insights from research and the socio-political establishment. NJAS 52-3/4, pp 237-259
FAO (1997). Estimating biomass and biomass change of tropical forests: a primer. FAO Forestry Paper 134, FAO, Rome, 55pp.
Gama-Rodrigues, E.F.; P.K.R. Nair; D. V. Nair; A.C. Gama-Rodrigues; V.C. Baligar & R. C. R. Marchado (2010). Carbon Storage in Soil Size Fractions under Two Cocoa Agroforestry Systems in Bahia, Brazil. Environmental Management (2010) 45:274–283.
GSS. (2014). 2010 Population and Housing Census. District Analytical Report – Bosomtwe District
GSS. (2010). Population and Housing Census 2010. Available at http://www2.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010_District_Report/Western/Sefwi%2 0Wiawso.pdf (Accessed on 24th June 24, 2019).
Hoosbeek, M.R.; R.P. Remme & G.M Rusch. Trees enhance soil carbon sequestration and nutrient cycling in a silvopastoral system in South- Western Nicaragna. Agroforestry Systems vol. 92, pp 263- 273.
IPCC. (2001). Climate change: the scientific basis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
IPCC. (2007). Climate change the physical science basis. Agenda. 2007; 6:07
Macías, C. A. S.; J. C. Alegre Orihuela & S. Iglesias Abad (2017). Estimation of above-ground live biomass and carbon stocks in different plant formations and in the soil of dry forests of the Ecuadorian coast. Food and Energy Security, 6(4), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.115
Mohammed, M.A.; J.S. Robinson; D. Midmore & A. Verhoef (2016). Carbon storage in Ghanaian cocoa ecosystem. Carbon Balance and Management. Vol 11(6). Pp 2- 8
Nadège, M.T.; L. Zapfack; D.C. Chimi; B.L. Kabelong; P.F. Forbi; T.I. Tsopmejio; V.C. Tajeukem; Y.A.F. Ntonmen; M.R.B. Tabue & J.M. Nasang (2018): Carbon storage potential of cacao agroforestry systems of different age and management intensity, Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324445395_Carbon_storage_potential_ of_caca o_agroforestry_systems_of_different_age_and_management_intensity [Accessed Nov 05 2019]. Climate and Development.
Onumah, J.A.; E.E. Onumah; R.M. Al-Hassan & B. Bruemmer (2013). Meta-frontier analysis of organic and conventional cocoa production in Ghana. Agricultural Economics Czech. Vol 6 (59): 271-80
Owusu, S.; L.C.N. Anglaaere & S. Abugre (2018). Above-ground biomass and carbon content of a cocoa-Gliricidia sepium agrforestry system in Ghana. Ghana Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 53, 45-60. DOI.org/10.4314/gjas.v53il.4
Padi, B. & G.K. Owusu (1998). Towards an integrated pest management for sustainable cocoa production in Ghana. Proceedings, 1st International Workshop on Sustainable Cocoa Growing, Panama City, Panama. March 30 – April 2, 1998. http://www.si.edu/smbc
Paustian, K.; J. Six; E.T. Elliott & H.W. Hunt (2000). Management options for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from agricultural soils. Biogeochemistry 48, 147–163
Saj, S.; P. Jagoret & H. Todem-Ngogue (2013). Carbon storage and density dynamics of associated trees in three contrasting Theobroma cacao agroforests of Central Cameroon. Agroforestry Systems, 87(6), 1309–1320. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-013-9639-4
Solomon, S.; D. Qin; M. Manning; Z. Chen; M. Marquis; K.B. Averyt; M. Tignor & H.L. Miller H.L. (Eds.), (2007). Climate Change 2007: The physical science basis. Contribution of IPCC Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge Univ. Press, USA
Somarribaa, E.; C. Rolando; O. Luis Miguel; D. Héctor; E. Tania; M. Henry; A. Guadalupe; V. Estefany; A. Carlos; S. Eduardo & D. Olivier (2013). Carbon stocks and cocoa yields in agroforestry systems of Central America. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment. Elsevier, Oxford, pp 101–110 Pp 2-13
Tandoh, E. J.; N.F. Kouame; H.M. Guei; B. Sey; W.A. Kone & N. Gnessougou (2015). Ecological Changes induced by full sun cocoa farming in Cote d’voire. Vol (3): 575-595
TRD (2013). What is carbon. Environment - The ultimate climate change 5. Available at https://theredddesk.org/countries/ghana/statistics (Accessed on October 2nd 2019).
Torres, B.; O. Jadan; P. Aguirre; L. Hinojosa & S. Gunter (2014). Contribution of Traditional Agroforestry to Climate Change Adaptation in the Ecuadorian Amazon: The Chakra System. In: Leal Filho W. (Ed.). Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1-19.
Wade, A.S.I.; A. Asase; P. Hadley; J. Mason; K. Ofori-Frimpong; D. Preece; N.Spring & Norris K. (2010). Management strategies for maximizing carbon storage and tree species diversity in cocoa growing landscapes. Agriculture Ecosystem Environment; 138(3– 4):324–34