Branching angles of several cocoa genotypes and their effect on determining optimum plant spacing
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Dec 27, 2021
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Abstract
Identification of the type of branching architecture will be one for the considerations in determining specific spacing recommendations for cocoa plantation. The research was conducted at Kaliwining Experimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute. The aim of this study was to investigate of branching angle characteristics of cocoa clones that can be used in determining planting space in cocoa farms. This research usied a completely randomized block design (RCBD) consisting of 21 genotypes as treatments. Each treatment was repeated three times and each replication consisted of three sample plants. Parametersobserved were branch angle and the type of branching. Branch angle is the angle formed by the outermost primary branch and was measured using a protractor. The results showed that each genotype had a different angle on the primary branch, while the secondary and tertiary branch angles did not shown any significantdifference. The results of the analysis showed that of the 21 genotypes tested, ICCRI 03, BAL 209, and KW 411 showed horizontal branching type; Sulawesi 1 and Sulawesi 3 showed vertical branching type, while the other 16 genotypes had intermediate branching types. Cocoa clones with a vertical branching type can be planted in denser spacing compared to cocoa clones with a horizontal branching type. The population per hectare of clones with vertical branching type can be increased 3 to 4 times when compared to clones with horizontal branching type.
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Setyawan, B., Anita-Sari, I., Ihsan, F., & Panua, H. (2021). Branching angles of several cocoa genotypes and their effect on determining optimum plant spacing. Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal), 37(3), 177-183. https://doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v37i3.473
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Eisner, Nathan J., Edward F. Gilman, dan Jason C. Grabosky. 2002. Branch morphologyImpacts compartmentalization of pruning woods. Journal of Arboriculture, 2(28):99-105
Engels, J. M. M. 1980. Cacao descriptos, their states and modus operandi. Turrialba, 28(2): 209-218.
Gilman, E. F. (2003). Branch to stem diameter ratio affects strength of attachment. Journal of Arboriculture, 29 (5)
Givindaraj, K. and P. Jancirani. (2017). Effect of pruning on cocoa (Theobroma cacao L) on morphological, flowering and yield and quality of cocoa beans. International Journal of Agricultural Research 7 (6) : 113 – 118.
Halle, F., R. A.A. Oldeman, P. B. Tomlinson (1978). Tropical Trees and Forest, An Architectural Analysis. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. New York. 441
James, K. (2003). Dynamic loading of trees. Journal of Arboriculture 29(3): 165-171.
Lanaud, C., O. Fouet, T. Legavre, U. Lopes, O. Sounigo, M. C. Eyango, B. Mermaz, M. R. Da Silva, R. G. L. Solorzano, X. Argout, G. Gyapay, H. E. Ebaiarrey, K. Cologes, C. Sanier, R. Ricallan, G. Mastin, N. Cryer, M. Boccara, J. Verdeil, I. B. E. Mousseni, K. P. Gramacho, & D. Clément. (2017). Deciphering the Theobroma cacao self-incopatibility system: from genomics to diagnostic markers for self-compatibility. Journal of Experimental Botany 68 (17): 4775 – 4790.
Maharaj, K., T. Indalsingh, D. Ramnath, and A. Cumberbatch. (2003). High density planting of cacao: the Trinidad and Tobago experience. International Workshop on Cocoa Breeding for Improved Production System, Accra, Ghana.
Meneses-Buitrago, D. H., M. M. Bolaños-Benavides, L. F. Gómez-Gil, H. S. Ramos-Zambrano. (2019). Evaluation of irrigation and pruning on the phenology and yield of Theobroma cacao L. Agronomía Mesoamericana 30 (3) : 681 – 693.
Mauro-Herrera, M. and A. N. Doust. (2016). Development and genetic control of plant architecture and biomass in the panicoid grass, setaria. PLoS ONE 11(3) : 1 – 27.
Pusat Penelitian Kopi dan Kakao Indonesia (2015). Pedoman Teknis Budidaya Tanaman Kakao. Pusat Penelitian Kopi dan Kakao Indonesia, Jember.
Reinhardt D and C. Kuhlemeier (2002). Plant architecture. Embo Reports. Institute of Plant Science, 3 (9): 846-851.
Shahbazi, Z., A.Kaminski, dan L. Evans (2015). Mechanical stress analysis of tree branches. American Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 3 (2): 32-40.
Susilo, A. W. (2017). Pedoman Teknis: Pengelolaan Plasma Nutfah Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.). Jember: Pusat Penelitian Kopi dan Kakao Indonesia.
Valladares, F., and U. Niinemets. (2007). The architecture of plant crowns : from design rules to light capture and performance. In: F. Pugnaire and F. Valladeres. Functional Plant Ecology. Taylor and Francis, New York.
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