Investigation of the Impact of Aging Upon the Mechanical Properties of Cocoa Pod Husk
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Aug 1, 2021
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The husk of fresh cocoa pods has traditionally been considered a waste by-product in the production of chocolate and other related confectionaries. However, in recent times new research has shed light on an increasing number of uses for this material. Of particular interest are applications that utilize the cocoa pod husk (CPH) for its mechanical properties. In most instances, the CPH raw material is allowed to age for several days before pre-processing or utilization in the intended application. Despite this, the impact of aging on its mechanical properties is an area that has not been well investigated. Consequently, this work seeksto determine the impact of aging upon the mechanical properties of CPH. To investigate this, several CPH properties were identified and selected for evaluation. These included CPH tensile strength, CPH compressive strength, cocoa pod transverse compressive strength, cocoa pod longitudinal compressive strength, CPH cutting force, cocoa pod cutting force, CPH hardness, and CPH colour. These properties were subsequently assessed over an aging period of seven days. The results obtained indicated that most CPH mechanical properties vary significantly with aging time. Moreover, CPH colour was found to bestrongly related to the mechanical properties of pod longitudinal compressive strength and CPH hardness, with correlation coefficients of -0.71 and 0.86 respectively. Further, these relationships were found to be strongly linear in nature and regression analyses indicated that up to 83% of the variation in longitudinal compressive strength can be accounted for by changes in colour, hardness and aging time. These results provide the basis for the potential development of image analysis and computer vision approaches to CPH sorting and grading.
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Murray, R., Bachu, S., Pemberton, C., & Birch, R. (2021). Investigation of the Impact of Aging Upon the Mechanical Properties of Cocoa Pod Husk. Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal), 37(2), 146-165. https://doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v37i2.469
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References
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11. Fairtrade Foundation. Commodity briefing: Cocoa – April 2016. Available at: https://www.fairtrade.org.uk/~/media/fairtradeuk/farmers%20and%20workers/documents/cocoa%20commodity%20briefing_online7.pdf. Last accessed: 05 April 2019, 17:50 AST.
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14. Khanahmadi, S., Yusof, F., Ong, H. C., Amid, A. & Shah, H. Cocoa pod husk: A new source of CLEA-lipase for preparation of low-cost biodiesel: An optimized process. Journal of Biotechnology 2016; 231: 95-105.
15. Leblicq, T., Vanmaercke, S., Ramon, H. & Saeys, W. Mechanical analysis of the bending behaviour of plant stems. Biosystems Engineering 2015; 129: 87-99.
16. Munongo, M.E., Nkeng, G.E. & Njukeng, J.N. Production and Characterization of Compost Manure and Biochar from Cocoa Pod Husks. International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research and Management 2017; 2: 26-31.
17. Murray, R.J, Bachu, S., Pemberton, C & Birch, R. Investigation of Cocoa Pod Husk Mechanical Behaviour and the Impact upon Specific Cutting Energy. The Journal of The Association of Professional Engineers of Trinidad and Tobago 2020; 48: 22-30.
18. Nortey, T.Y., Kpogo, D.V., Kpogo, A.L., Naazie, A. & Oddoye, E.O.K. Cocoa pod husk is a potential feed ingredient in laying hen diets. Livestock Research for Rural Development 2015; 27.
19. Ofori-Boateng, C. & Lee, K. T. The potential of using cocoa pod husks as green solid base catalysts for the transesterification of soybean oil into biodiesel: Effects of biodiesel on engine performance. Chemical Engineering Journal 2013. 220: 395-401.
20. Priyangini, F., Walde, S. G. & Chidambaram, R. Extraction optimization of pectin from cocoa pod husks (Theobroma cacao L.) with ascorbic acid using response surface methodology. Carbohydrate Polymers 2018; 202: 497-503.
21. Rachmat, D., Mawarani, L. J. & Risanti, D. D. Utilization of Cacao Pod Husk (Theobroma cacao l.) as Activated Carbon and Catalyst in Biodiesel Production Process from Waste Cooking Oil. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2018; 299, 012093, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/299/1/012093.
22. Ridzwan, B. H., Fadzli, M. K., Rozali, M. B. O., Chin, D. T. F. & Faridnordin, B. I. Evaluation of cocoa-pod husks on performance of rabbits. Animal Feed Science and Technology 1993; 40: 267-272.
23. Shodehinde, S.A. & Adamson, A. Tapping in to the good use of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) pod husks: towards finding alternative sources of nutrients for animals in Nigeria. Journal of Food Technology and Preservation 2017; 1: 42-46.
24. Syamsiro, M., Saptoadi, H. & Tambunan, B. H. Experimental Investigation on Combustion of Bio-Pellets from from Indonesian Cocoa Pod Husk. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences 2011; 4: 712-719.
25. Syamsiro, M., Saptoadi, H., Tambunan, B. H. & Pambudi, N. A. A preliminary study on use of cocoa pod husk as a renewable source of energy in Indonesia. Energy for Sustainable Development 2012; 16: 74-77.
26. The International Cocoa Organization. Harvesting & Post-harvest Processing. Available at: https://www.icco.org/about-cocoa/harvesting-and-post-harvest.html. Last accessed: 24 June 2020, 18:38 AST.
27. Ul Haque, M.M, Goda, K., Ito, H., Ogoe, S., Okamot, M., Ema, T., Kagawa, K. & Nogami, H. Melt-viscosity and mechanical behaviour of polypropylene (PP)/wood flour composites: Effect of pulverization of wood flour with and without water. Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research 2019; 2: 42-50.
28. Vriesmann, L. C & de Oliveira Petkowicz, C. L. Cacao pod husks as a source of low-methoxyl, highly acetylated pectins able to gel in acidic media. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2017; 101: 146-152.
2. Adzimah, S. K. & Asiam, E. K. Design of a Cocoa Pod Splitting Machine. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 2010; 2: 622-634.
3. Audu, V.E.M. & Mamman, Y.W. Use of Cocoa Pod Husk Ash as Admixture in Concrete. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology 2013; 2: 3781-3793
4. Chan, S. & Choo, W. Effect of extraction conditions on the yield and chemical properties of pectin from cocoa husks. Food Chemistry 2013; 141: 3752-3758.
5. Chun, K.S., Hussiensyah, S. & Osman, H. Modified cocoa pod husk-filled polypropylene composites by using metacrylic acid. BioResources 2013; 8: 3260-3275.
6. Chun, K.S., Hussiensyah, S. & Osman, H. Utilization of cocoa pod husk as filler in polypropylene biocomposites: Effect of maleated polypropylene. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 2013; 1-15. DOI: 10.1177/0892705713513291.
7. Chun, K.S., Yeng, C.M. & Hussiensyah, S. Green Coupling Agent for Agro-Waste Based Thermoplastic Composites. Polymer Composites 2016; DOI 10.1002/pc.24228.
8. Daud, Z., Kassim, A.S.M., Aripin, A.M., Awang, H. & Hatta, M.Z.M. Chemical Composition and Morphological of Cocoa Pod Husks and Cassava Peels for Pulp and Paper Production. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2013; 7: 406-411.
9. Dauda, S.M., Ahmad, D., Khalina, A. & Jamarei, O. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Kenaf Stems at Varying Moisture Contents. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 2014; 2: 370 – 374.
10. El-Shekeil, Y. A., Sapuan, S. M. & Algrafi, M. W. Effect of fiber loading on mechanical and morphological properties of cocoa pod husk fibers reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane composites. Materials and Design 2014; 64: 330-333.
11. Fairtrade Foundation. Commodity briefing: Cocoa – April 2016. Available at: https://www.fairtrade.org.uk/~/media/fairtradeuk/farmers%20and%20workers/documents/cocoa%20commodity%20briefing_online7.pdf. Last accessed: 05 April 2019, 17:50 AST.
12. Igathinathane, C., Womac, A. R. & Sokhansanj, S. Corn stalk orientation effect on mechanical cutting. Biosystems Engineering 2010; 107: 97-106.
13. Khanahmadi, S., Yusof, F., Amid, A., Mahmod, S. S., Mahat, M. K. Optimized preparation and characterization of CLEA-lipase from cocoa pod husk. Journal of Biotechnology 2015; 202: 153-161.
14. Khanahmadi, S., Yusof, F., Ong, H. C., Amid, A. & Shah, H. Cocoa pod husk: A new source of CLEA-lipase for preparation of low-cost biodiesel: An optimized process. Journal of Biotechnology 2016; 231: 95-105.
15. Leblicq, T., Vanmaercke, S., Ramon, H. & Saeys, W. Mechanical analysis of the bending behaviour of plant stems. Biosystems Engineering 2015; 129: 87-99.
16. Munongo, M.E., Nkeng, G.E. & Njukeng, J.N. Production and Characterization of Compost Manure and Biochar from Cocoa Pod Husks. International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research and Management 2017; 2: 26-31.
17. Murray, R.J, Bachu, S., Pemberton, C & Birch, R. Investigation of Cocoa Pod Husk Mechanical Behaviour and the Impact upon Specific Cutting Energy. The Journal of The Association of Professional Engineers of Trinidad and Tobago 2020; 48: 22-30.
18. Nortey, T.Y., Kpogo, D.V., Kpogo, A.L., Naazie, A. & Oddoye, E.O.K. Cocoa pod husk is a potential feed ingredient in laying hen diets. Livestock Research for Rural Development 2015; 27.
19. Ofori-Boateng, C. & Lee, K. T. The potential of using cocoa pod husks as green solid base catalysts for the transesterification of soybean oil into biodiesel: Effects of biodiesel on engine performance. Chemical Engineering Journal 2013. 220: 395-401.
20. Priyangini, F., Walde, S. G. & Chidambaram, R. Extraction optimization of pectin from cocoa pod husks (Theobroma cacao L.) with ascorbic acid using response surface methodology. Carbohydrate Polymers 2018; 202: 497-503.
21. Rachmat, D., Mawarani, L. J. & Risanti, D. D. Utilization of Cacao Pod Husk (Theobroma cacao l.) as Activated Carbon and Catalyst in Biodiesel Production Process from Waste Cooking Oil. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2018; 299, 012093, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/299/1/012093.
22. Ridzwan, B. H., Fadzli, M. K., Rozali, M. B. O., Chin, D. T. F. & Faridnordin, B. I. Evaluation of cocoa-pod husks on performance of rabbits. Animal Feed Science and Technology 1993; 40: 267-272.
23. Shodehinde, S.A. & Adamson, A. Tapping in to the good use of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) pod husks: towards finding alternative sources of nutrients for animals in Nigeria. Journal of Food Technology and Preservation 2017; 1: 42-46.
24. Syamsiro, M., Saptoadi, H. & Tambunan, B. H. Experimental Investigation on Combustion of Bio-Pellets from from Indonesian Cocoa Pod Husk. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences 2011; 4: 712-719.
25. Syamsiro, M., Saptoadi, H., Tambunan, B. H. & Pambudi, N. A. A preliminary study on use of cocoa pod husk as a renewable source of energy in Indonesia. Energy for Sustainable Development 2012; 16: 74-77.
26. The International Cocoa Organization. Harvesting & Post-harvest Processing. Available at: https://www.icco.org/about-cocoa/harvesting-and-post-harvest.html. Last accessed: 24 June 2020, 18:38 AST.
27. Ul Haque, M.M, Goda, K., Ito, H., Ogoe, S., Okamot, M., Ema, T., Kagawa, K. & Nogami, H. Melt-viscosity and mechanical behaviour of polypropylene (PP)/wood flour composites: Effect of pulverization of wood flour with and without water. Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research 2019; 2: 42-50.
28. Vriesmann, L. C & de Oliveira Petkowicz, C. L. Cacao pod husks as a source of low-methoxyl, highly acetylated pectins able to gel in acidic media. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2017; 101: 146-152.