Infestations Of Two Major Pests Of Cocoa, Conopomorpha Cramerella and Helopeltis Theivora Under Natural Condition
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Jan 13, 2020
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The Cocoa pod borer (CPB), Conopomorpha cramerella (Snellen) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) and Helopeltis theivora (Miller) (Hemiptera: Miridae) are the major pests of cocoa in the South East Asian Region. C. cramerella started to infest cocoa pod which more than 7cm in length, whereas H. theivora started to infest the pod at a very early stage of pod development. The present study aims to determine the relationship and the degree of damage severity of these two significant pests under natural condition. No insecticide spraying was carried out throughout sampling occasions; however, other management practices were implemented. Destructive sampling of fifty cocoa pods at various lengths was carried out at fortnightly basis.Percentage of infestation, number of CPB eggs, entry, and exit holes were recorded for an individual pod. The results obtained denoted that H. theivora begin attacking pods at a young age and the majority of the pods were infested when they reached 8 cm in length. The percentage of damage severity increased as the pod developed. In contrast to H. theivora incidence, the number of C. cramerella eggs were recorded higher when the percentage of H. theivora incidences were low. The highest mean number of C. cramerella eggs were recorded when the pod length is more than 150 mm. Although infestation of the C. cramerella was more serious, management of both pests must be started when the pod length is less than 8 cm. Integrated control approaches must be targeted to both pests at the appropriate time, to reduce significant losses.
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Bakar, S. (2020). Infestations Of Two Major Pests Of Cocoa, Conopomorpha Cramerella and Helopeltis Theivora Under Natural Condition. Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal), 35(3), 186-192. https://doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v35i3.359
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References
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Bhuyan, K. K., Saikia, G. K., Deka, M. K., Phukan, B. & Barua, S. C. (2017). Effect of certain indigenous extracts against tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis theivora (Waterhouse) (Hemiptera: Miridae) in tea. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 5(3), 158-162.
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Dewi Hastuti, D., Rusmana & Hasan, P. (2015). Uji Efektifitas Larutan Pestisida Nabati Rimpang Lengkuas, Daun Serai, Dan Daun Babadotan Pada Pengendalian Hama Penghisap Buah (Helopeltis Sp.) Tanaman Kakao. Jur. Agroekotek, 7(2), 97–105.
Entwistle, P. F. (1972). Pests of Cocoa. Longman, UK. Pp. 779.
Gusti Indriati, G. & Soesanthy, F. (2014). Hama Helopeltis Spp. dan Teknik Pengendaliannya Pada Pertanaman Teh (Camellia Sinensis). Sirinov, 2( 3), 189-198.
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Manja Naik, C & Chakravarthy, A. K. (2013). Sustainable management practices for tea mosquito bug Helopeltis antonii Signoret (Miridae:Hemiptera) on cashew. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci.,26 (1), 54-57.
Niogret, J., Arni Ekayanti, Ingram, K., Lambert, S., Kendra, P. E., Alborn, H. and Nancy D. Epsky, N. D. (2019). Development and behavioral ecology of Conopomorpha cramerella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Florida Entomologist, 102(2), 382-387. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.102.0214.
Rahayu, D. S & Sulistyowati, E. (2018). Biological Control of Cocoa Pod Borer (Conopomorpha cramerella Snell) Using Egg Parasitoids of Trichogrammatoidea bactrae fumata in East Java. Pelita Perkebunan, 34 (1), 50-58.
Saripah, B. & Azhar, I. (2012). Five years of cocoa black ants, Dolichoderus thoracicus (Smith) at farmer’s plot – An epilogue. Malaysian Cocoa Journal, 7, 8-15.
Saripah, B. (2014a). Sustaining Cocoa Black Ant Dolichoderus thoracicus (Smith) using artificial nest in the cocoa ecosystem. Malaysian Cocoa Journal, 8, 23-30.
Saripah, B. (2014b). Population enhancement of cocoa pollinator, Forcipomyia spp. In Proceedings Malaysian International Cocoa Conference (MICC 2013), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 7-8th October 2013. Pp. 144 – 150.
Saripah, B. & Alias, A. (2016). Screening of different active ingredients of insecticides to cocoa pod borer infestation. Malaysian Cocoa Journal, 9(2), 76-87.
Saripah, B., Alias, A. & I. Azhar. (2017). Mosquito bug in Technical guidelines for the safe movement of cacao germplasm. Revised from the FAO/IPGRI Technical Guidelines No. 20 (Third Update, October 2017), End , M. J., Daymond, A. J., Hadley, P. (Eds.). Global Cacao Genetic Resources Network (CacaoNet), Bioversity International, Rome, Italy. Pp. 73-76.
Saripah, B. & Alias, A. (2018). The use of transferable breeding container for population enrichment of pollinator, Forcipomyia spp. in the cocoa ecosystem. Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies, 5 (3), pp. 245-251.
Saripah, B. (2019). The conservation and collection of cocoa insects fauna at the Malaysian Cocoa Board. Journal of Science and Mathematical Letters, 7, 1-10.
Saripah, B., Nor Aizam, A. & Ummu Syaira Ain, R. (2019). Temporal geospatial assessment of cocoa pollinator, Forcipomyia in cocoa plantation area. Serangga 24 (1): 159-172.
Sarmah, M. & Phukan, A. K (2004). Seasonal incidence and extent of damage by tea mosquito bug. Helopeltis theivora (Waterhouse) on tea Camellia sinensis. Two Bud, 51(1-2), 45-48.
Sulistyowati, E. (2015). Hama utama tanaman kakao dan pengendaliannya. p. 307–334.In T. Wahyudi, Pujiyanto & Misnawi (Eds.). Kakao : Sejarah, Botani, Proses Produksi, Pengolahan, dan Perdagangan. Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.
Azhar, I., Saripah, B. & Nuraziawati MY. (2010). Utilization of biodiversity in agriculture – The case of cocoa in Malaysia. Proceedings 2nd National Conference on Agrobiodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Utilization (NAC-2) 2010, p. 82-83.Tawau, Malaysia.
Bhuyan, K. K., Saikia, G. K., Deka, M. K., Phukan, B. & Barua, S. C. (2017). Effect of certain indigenous extracts against tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis theivora (Waterhouse) (Hemiptera: Miridae) in tea. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 5(3), 158-162.
Conway, G. R. (1971). Pest of cocoa in Sabah and their control. State Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Sabah, Malaysia. Pp. 75.
Dewi Hastuti, D., Rusmana & Hasan, P. (2015). Uji Efektifitas Larutan Pestisida Nabati Rimpang Lengkuas, Daun Serai, Dan Daun Babadotan Pada Pengendalian Hama Penghisap Buah (Helopeltis Sp.) Tanaman Kakao. Jur. Agroekotek, 7(2), 97–105.
Entwistle, P. F. (1972). Pests of Cocoa. Longman, UK. Pp. 779.
Gusti Indriati, G. & Soesanthy, F. (2014). Hama Helopeltis Spp. dan Teknik Pengendaliannya Pada Pertanaman Teh (Camellia Sinensis). Sirinov, 2( 3), 189-198.
Khoo, KC; Ooi, PAC & Ho, CT. (1991). Crop pests and their management in Malaysia, pp. 242. Tropical Press Sdn. Bhd, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Lee, CH., Kelvin, L., Haya, R., Navies, M. and Saripah, B. (Eds). (2013). Cocoa Planting Manual, Sustainable Cocoa. Sabah, Malaysia: Malaysian Cocoa Board, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
Lee, CH., Albert, LSC., Soetikno, SS., Jeremy, NCK., Ramle, K., Sabariah, S., Haya, R. (Eds) (2014). Manual Latihan Keselamatan Koko: Pembangunan modal insan dan perkongsian pengetahuan dalam piawaian sanitari dan fitosanitari (SPS) koko di Asia Tenggara, p. 202. Malaysian Cocoa Board, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
Malaysian Cocoa Board. (2013a). Manual Teknologi Penanaman Koko (In Malay). p. 103. Malaysian Cocoa Board, Kota Kinabalu: Sabah, Malaysia.
Manja Naik, C., A. K. Chakravarthy, A. K., Timmanna & Thyagaraj, N. E. Sustainable Management of Tea Mosquito Bug Helopeltis antonii Signoret (Miridae: Hemiptera) on Cashew (2015). In A. K. Chakravarthy (Eds.). New Horizons in Insect Science: Towards Sustainable Pest Management, p. 389-396. Springer, India. Doi 10.1007/978-81-322-2089-3_34.
Manja Naik, C & Chakravarthy, A. K. (2013). Sustainable management practices for tea mosquito bug Helopeltis antonii Signoret (Miridae:Hemiptera) on cashew. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci.,26 (1), 54-57.
Niogret, J., Arni Ekayanti, Ingram, K., Lambert, S., Kendra, P. E., Alborn, H. and Nancy D. Epsky, N. D. (2019). Development and behavioral ecology of Conopomorpha cramerella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Florida Entomologist, 102(2), 382-387. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.102.0214.
Rahayu, D. S & Sulistyowati, E. (2018). Biological Control of Cocoa Pod Borer (Conopomorpha cramerella Snell) Using Egg Parasitoids of Trichogrammatoidea bactrae fumata in East Java. Pelita Perkebunan, 34 (1), 50-58.
Saripah, B. & Azhar, I. (2012). Five years of cocoa black ants, Dolichoderus thoracicus (Smith) at farmer’s plot – An epilogue. Malaysian Cocoa Journal, 7, 8-15.
Saripah, B. (2014a). Sustaining Cocoa Black Ant Dolichoderus thoracicus (Smith) using artificial nest in the cocoa ecosystem. Malaysian Cocoa Journal, 8, 23-30.
Saripah, B. (2014b). Population enhancement of cocoa pollinator, Forcipomyia spp. In Proceedings Malaysian International Cocoa Conference (MICC 2013), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 7-8th October 2013. Pp. 144 – 150.
Saripah, B. & Alias, A. (2016). Screening of different active ingredients of insecticides to cocoa pod borer infestation. Malaysian Cocoa Journal, 9(2), 76-87.
Saripah, B., Alias, A. & I. Azhar. (2017). Mosquito bug in Technical guidelines for the safe movement of cacao germplasm. Revised from the FAO/IPGRI Technical Guidelines No. 20 (Third Update, October 2017), End , M. J., Daymond, A. J., Hadley, P. (Eds.). Global Cacao Genetic Resources Network (CacaoNet), Bioversity International, Rome, Italy. Pp. 73-76.
Saripah, B. & Alias, A. (2018). The use of transferable breeding container for population enrichment of pollinator, Forcipomyia spp. in the cocoa ecosystem. Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies, 5 (3), pp. 245-251.
Saripah, B. (2019). The conservation and collection of cocoa insects fauna at the Malaysian Cocoa Board. Journal of Science and Mathematical Letters, 7, 1-10.
Saripah, B., Nor Aizam, A. & Ummu Syaira Ain, R. (2019). Temporal geospatial assessment of cocoa pollinator, Forcipomyia in cocoa plantation area. Serangga 24 (1): 159-172.
Sarmah, M. & Phukan, A. K (2004). Seasonal incidence and extent of damage by tea mosquito bug. Helopeltis theivora (Waterhouse) on tea Camellia sinensis. Two Bud, 51(1-2), 45-48.
Sulistyowati, E. (2015). Hama utama tanaman kakao dan pengendaliannya. p. 307–334.In T. Wahyudi, Pujiyanto & Misnawi (Eds.). Kakao : Sejarah, Botani, Proses Produksi, Pengolahan, dan Perdagangan. Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.