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PELITA PERKEBUNAN, Volume 38, Number 2, August 2022 Edition
Sugianto et al.
Pelita Perkebunan 38(2) 2022, 98
—
107
Adaptation of Introduced Robusta Coffee Clones
in Some Agroclimate Types in East Java
Pingkan Sugianto
1@)
, Sudarsono
1)
, Dewi Sukma
1)
, and Ucu Sumirat
2*)
1)
Department of Agriculture, Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Bogor Agricultural University, Dramaga, Indonesia
2)
Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, Jl. PB. Sudirman No. 90 Jember, Indonesia
*)
Corresponding author: ucu_sumirat@yahoo.com
Received: 3 January 2019 / Accepted: 13 December 2021
@)
The first author passed away after revising this paper manuscript based on reviewers’ comments
Abstract
Indonesia is the fourth largest coffee producer in the world, although this
country is not the origin of coffee plant. Efforts to increase coffee genetic diversity
in Indonesia through plant introduction are carried out in order to improve quality
and quantity of Indonesian coffee in the international market. The aim of this
study was to obtain Robusta coffee clones that are able to adapt in several
agroclimate types in Indonesia, high and stable in yield, and eventually they
can be cultivated extensively. There were six introduced clones (FRT 04, FRT 06,
FRT 07, FRT 09, FRT 23, FRT 65) used in this study. The clones were brought
from France and planted on six coffee plantations i.e Bangelan, Kalibendo,
Kaliselogiri, Gunung Gumitir, Malangsari, and Silosanen. All of the coffee planta-
tions are located in East Java, Indonesia, with varied in agroclimate types. Data
collected concerning plant growth and yield were analysed using the method of
additive main effect multiplicated interaction (AMMI) biplot. Results of this study
showed that FRT 07 was the most productive clone compared to other Robusta
coffee clones tested. Besides, high yield in average of all locations was proved by
FRT 07 and FRT 09 clones, particularly number of productive branches per tree,
number of bunches per branch, number of fruits per bunch, total number of fruits
per tree, and estimated yield of trees. Meanwhile, the highest parameter of weight
of 100 fruits was found on FRT 23 clone. In general this study revealed that
Bangelan plantation was the location produced high plant growth and yield parameters.
Results of multivariate biplot analysis of adaptability of a genotype to an environment
demonstrated that FRT 65 clone had a stable yield component in every location.
FRT 07 and FRT 09 are clones with site-specific types and resulting better produc-
tion than FRT 65 in all tested locations. Malangsari was more suitable for FRT 07
or it was more site specific for its adaptation based on the components of Robusta
coffee yield traits. FRT 04, FRT 23, and FRT 06 clones showed neither the best
fruit yield nor specific adaptations in each area tested, even though they still
produce in each period. FRT 09 clone was able to adapt in all tested locations.
Keywords: adaptability, clones, agroclimate, locations, AMMI, Robusta coffee, FRT
ISSN: 0215-0212 / e-ISSN: 2406-9574
DOI: 10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v38i2.323
99
PELITA PERKEBUNAN, Volume 38, Number 2, August 2022 Edition
Adaptation of introduced robusta coffee clones in some agroclimate types in East Java
INTRODUCTION
More than 70 countries produce coffee,
but the majority of global output comes from
just the top five producers: Brazil, Vietnam,
Colombia, Indonesia, and Ethiopia. Exports
of Arabica totaled 80.47 million bags whereas
Robusta exports amounted to 49.54 million
bags. In 2021, it was estimated that Indonesia
produced approximately 774.6 thousand
metric tons of coffee. Indonesia is one of
the world’s leading producers of coffee, and
one of its leading exporters (ICO, 2021).
There are about 120 different types of
coffee plants that can be distinguished botani-
cally. However, the most popular types of
coffee plants that also produce the majority of
all coffee beans are Arabica and Robusta
(Wintgens, 2004). Indonesia’s coffee plan-
tations cover total area of approximately 1.24
million hectares, 933 hectares of Robusta
plantations and 307 hectares of Arabica plan-
tations. More than 90 percent of total plan-
tations are cultivated by small-scale growers
(Ditjenbun, 2021).
Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre
ex. A. Froehner) first came to Indonesia in
1900 from Belgian Congo (now Zaire), planted
in Malang (Mawardi & Hulupi, 2003). Robusta
coffee which was first developed in Indonesia
in 1911-1930 was the result of breeding
activities in the Dutch government experi-
mental station in Bangelan, Malang, East Java
(Puslitkoka, 2016). At present, Robusta coffee
is mostly cultivated on the island of Sumatra
(70.22%), which more than half of Robusta
coffee production was significantly produced
in three provinces, namely South Sumatra
(34.8%), Lampung (20.1%) and Bengkulu
(10.2%) (Ditjenbun, 2016).
In cultivation, C. canephora is divided into
two main groups, namely C. canephora var.
Robusta and C. canephora var. Kouilou, however
their morphology is not easily distinguishable.
A study revealed that a Kouilou population
in Brazil is named Conilon variety. Meanwhile
Behailu (2008) classify Robusta coffee into two
groups based on the origin of the develop-
ment area, namely Congo group which is
Robusta coffee from Central Africa and
Cameroon and Guinean group is the name
of Robusta coffee originating from Ivory Coast
(Sumirat et al., 2007).
Coffee quality is determined by geno-
type and environmental factors which related
to biochemical components in coffee beans
that have accumulated during growth period
(Cheng, 2016). Globally, Robusta coffee is
generally mostly derived from ex-situ collec-
tions in several countries with a collection
of 700 original genotypes which are based
on the area of distribution, characterization
and evaluation. Tshilenge et al. (2009) state
that not only breeding programs can improve
the agronomic traits of genotypes, but also
plant yield characteristics and genotype and
environmental interactions. Nearly a decade
Robusta coffee of FRT series have been
introduced to Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa
Research Institute (ICCRI) from France.
However, only a limited information was
obtained related with their adaptation to
agroclimate conditions of Indonesian in general
and especially in East Java. Therefore, there
was a need to study the genotype response
to the environment with soil type, altitude
topography, latitude, and climate to maintain
optimum production and have wide or site-
specific adaptations. The objectives of this
study was to investigate the adaptation and
stability of production of several introduced
FRT series in East Java agroclimate.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The plant materials used in this study
were introduced clones from France i.e. the
FRT series consisting of FRT 04, FRT 06,
FRT 07, FRT 09, FRT 23, and FRT 65 which
had been planted in 2009, located in six coffee
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PELITA PERKEBUNAN, Volume 38, Number 2, August 2022 Edition
Sugianto et al.
plantations in East Java, in collaboration with
Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute.
Those coffee plantations belong to PTPN
XII that in Indonesian Government Plantation
enterprises. The experimental sites were
located in six different environmental locations
of coffee plantations, namely Gunung Gumitir,
Silosanen, Malangsari, Kaliselogiri, Kalibendo,
and Bangelan as presented in Table 1.
The research method was adaptability
analysis of diversity of interactions between
locations, clones and year using biplot addi-
tive main effects and multiplicative interaction
(biplot-AMMI) analysis. The treatments
consisted of six introduces FRT clones which
were planted in the six different environ-
ments. Observations were carried out during
four consecutive years (2014-2017) with three
replications for each treatment. Random
sampling of five trees per replication for each
treatment was cariied out in every location.
Analysis of variance was carried out using
statistical analysis system (SAS) version 9.2
software. AMMI analysis used software PB
tools Star.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Yield parameters of six FRT clones of
Robusta coffee tested in six coffee planta-
tions in East Jawa during four consecutive
crop production year periods are presented
in Table 2. Significant differences were
detected among FRT clones, locations and
year. Location-by-year combinations were
considered separate environments because
of drastic differences in climate among years.
Coffee plantation environment was a signifi-
cant source of variation for yield traits. Clone-
by-location and year-by-location interactions
were significant for all measured yield traits.
These results agree with Asad et al. (2009)
and Cheng et al. (2016) who found signifi-
cant genotype environment interactions for
paddy yield and coffee quality, respectively.
There was significant effect of among
clones on yield traits. FRT 07 and FRT 09
has the highest yield in term of number of
productive branches per tree, further FRT 07
also has highest number of bunches per branch,
total number of fruits per tree, and estimated
yield per tree. Weight of 100 fruits and number
of fruits per bunch was found the highest
on FRT 23. The lowest yield was found on
FRT 06 for all yield parameters observed.
Results of this study show a significant
effect of location which can be seen in Table 2
which reveal that Bangelan coffee plantation
has the highest yield traits in terms of nearly
all parameters observed, except weight of
100 beans and estimated yield per tree. The
highest weight of the 100 fruits was found
in Kaliselogiri, whereas for estimated yield
per tree was observed in Gunung Gumitir.
These findings was supported by the
work of Nusifera & Agung (2008) in which
it was found that the development of a loca-
tion-specific superior genotype can be directed
to obtain varieties in form of superior specific
environmental clones. Superior varieties or
Table 1. Agro-climatic conditions of the six coffee plantations used as experimental sites in this study
Parameters Bangelan G. Gumitir Kalibendo Kaliselogiri Malangsari Silosanen
Altitude (m asl) 450-550 400-650 500-825 300-600 550-720 400-680
Rainfall (mm year
-1
) 2242 2194 2175 2096 2125 1903
Climate type * C B C D C C
Rather wet Wet Rather wet Average Rather wet Rather wet
Main soil types Latosol Latosol Regosol, Latosol, Andosol, Latosol,
Andosol and Regosol Latosol Regosol
Latosol
*According to Schmidt & Ferguson (1951) classification.
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PELITA PERKEBUNAN, Volume 38, Number 2, August 2022 Edition
Adaptation of introduced robusta coffee clones in some agroclimate types in East Java
clones in all environments can be released
into broad-adapted clones. Adaptability of
plants can trigger the emergence of new
genotypes that have very diverse phenotypic
characters. This difference can be beneficial
because the results obtained also vary and
can adapt well to the conditions of the local
agroecosystem. Genotype and environmental
interactions are different in phenotype values
compared to expected genotype and environ-
mental interaction values (Kang, 2002).
Table 2 presents annual observation
from 2014 to 2017 which was significant
differences on all parameters tested. Highest
annual result was obtained in 2016 particu-
larly for parameters of number of productive
branches, number of bunches per branch,
number of fruits per bunch, total number
of fruits per tree, estimated yield, estima-
tion of yield per ha. The highest weight of
100 beans was obtained in 2015. The lowest
results was took place in 2015 were found
for parameters of number of productive
branches, number of bunches per branch,
total fruits per trees estimated yield per
hectare, wereas the weight of 100 beans.
Estimated yield per tree was the lowest in
2017. This variation may be due to climatic
differences in each year in every location
tested against for the clones Robusta coffee
FRT clones introduced in locations with East
Java conditions.
According to Erdiansyah et al. (2014),
rainfall gives a significant effects on develop-
ment of Robusta coffee flowers. The rain
that falls when the flowers are blooming
and still continues until afternoon, even in
form of drizzle, has a huge influence on fruit
development. This indicates that the risk of
failure of Robusta coffee production in wet
areas is quite high, considering the possi-
bility of rain disruption at the time of flower
expansion which affect fruit development,
although it is known that good production
stability is commonly found in wet areas.
Table 2. Yield trait parameters of six FRT clones of Robusta coffee tested in six experimental sites during four consecutive
crop production periods
Attribute
Observation parameters
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6
Locations
Bangelan 38.45
a
6.09
a
12.62
a
3277
a
135.45
ab
7691
ab
Silosanen 25.19
ab
4.15
cb
8.55
c
1835
b
126.32
ab
3657
cb
Malangsari 17.48
b
3.77
c
9.13
bc
1615
b
82.51
c
2979
c
G. Gumitir 34.17
a
5.43
ab
12.30
ab
2430
b
122.82
b
8803
a
Kaliselogiri 28.19
ab
5.25
ab
11.19
bc
2126
ab
140.67
a
4924
bc
Kalibendo 33.42
a
3.67
c
8.20
c
2989
ab
132.37
ab
6720
b
Clones
FRT 04 14.71
bc
3.61
b
6.91
c
872
c
120.72
ab
1783
b
FRT 06 7.64
c
2.72
b
6.28
c
630
c
117.00
ab
1585
b
FRT 07 53.04
a
6.18
a
11.35
ab
4500
a
131.75
a
12236
a
FRT 09 54.90
a
5.92
a
11.70
ab
4164
a
123.98
ab
10383
a
FRT 23 18.70
bc
4.13
b
14.56
a
1552
bc
134.59
a
3470
b
FRT 65 27.90
b
5.82
a
11.19
b
2553
b
106.98
b
5312
b
Year
2014 27.31
b
5.22
a
11.79
a
2917
b
119.60
b
6738
a
2015 19.86
b
3.62
b
7.68
b
1706
c
143.52
a
3905
b
2016 47.80
a
5.11
a
11.78
a
4185
a
124.73
b
8465
a
2017 22.95
b
4.95
a
10.08
ab
705
c
105.61
b
4072
b
Notes: Figures in same column and atribut followed by different letter(s) are not significantly different. Observerd parameters:
number of productive branches (Y1), number of bunches per branch (Y2), number of fruits per bunch (Y3), total
number of fruits trees (Y4), weight of 100 fruits (g) (Y5), estimated yield (Y6).
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PELITA PERKEBUNAN, Volume 38, Number 2, August 2022 Edition
Sugianto et al.
A genotype that has adaptability with
the same production level may be grown in
a variety of environments with broad adapt-
ability, therefore the genotype has adapted
to different growing conditions in each
planted environment (Rasyad & Idwar, 2010).
Meanwhile, Nur (2000) mentioned that the
amount of rainfall and its distribution in one
year has important roles in Indonesian coffee
production. This is due to the increase in
flowers dropping, especially if the rain falls
when flower blooming, beside affected by
length of the day (photoperiod) in the equator.
Pujiyanto (1998) also suggested that
ideal rain condition for coffee plants is the
availability of nine wet months and three dry
months. Productive coffee plants show a
more neutral day (dry-neutral plant) where
their flowers are not sensitive to the influence
of day length. Based on the results of analysis
of variance between locations and clones
showed a significant effect. However, the
interaction between the clones and location
has no effect on the analysis.
This study is also supported by the results
of Asad
et al. (2009). When genotype and
environmental interactions are qualitative
(crossover interaction), breeders must choose
one genotype for a particular environment
and other genotypes for different environ-
ments. This condition will cause difficulties
in choosing a stable genotype. The analysis
is needed to effectively analyze the influence
of genotype and environmental interactions
and to sort stable and specific genotypes. Based
on the research results of Rodrigues et al.
(2013), yield stability testing can determine
certain genotypes in different environmental
condition and adaptation widely or site-specific.
Therefore later, superior clones in all environ-
ments can be released as clones that are able
to adapt widely.
The interaction effects of clone and
location on estimated yield of Robusta coffee
of six coffee plantations in East Java are
presented in Table 3. When considering
estimated yield of coffee trees in all locations,
Bangelan showed higher yield compared to
other coffee plantations tested, particularly
with Kalibendo plantation. However, the yield
in Bangelan plantations did not show any
significant differences compared to Silosanen,
Malangsari, G. Gumitir, and Kaliselogiri plan-
tations. Among the FRT Robusta coffee clones,
the most productive clone was FRT 07,
meanwhile the lowest was FRT 06 clone which
is not significantly different from FRT 04 and
FRT 13. This was due to the interaction effects
of clone and location on yield parameters.
Figure 1 shows the results of multivariate
biplot analysis of the adaptability of a geno-
type or clone tested with the environment.
The results indicated that FRT 65 clone had
a stable yield component in each location
as indicated by relative position to zero point
meaning extensive adaptation as seen in
Figure 3. Meanwhile, FRT 09 and FRT 07
are clones with location-specific because
Table 3. Estimation of tree yields (number of fruits per tree) as indicated by interactions between Robusta coffee FRT clones
and six coffee plantations in East Java
Location
Robusta coffee FRT clones
Average
FRT 04 FRT 06 FRT 07 FRT 09 FRT 13 FRT 65
Bangelan 2446 2070 7760 6488 3679 5387 4638
a
Silosanen 284 345 11417 6978 1736 4440 4200
a
Malangsari 617 1645 6215 5456 2028 2506 3078
a
G. Gumitir 787 1885 4279 3849 1750 1352 2317
a
Kaliselogiri 1454 0 12286 5282 2120 4287 4238
a
Kalibendo 1098 0 2917 3392 1699 1950 1843
b
Average 1114
c
991
c
7479
a
5241
b
2169
c
3320
bc
Notes: Figures followed by different letter(s) are significantly different at p = 95%.
of Asad et al.
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PELITA PERKEBUNAN, Volume 38, Number 2, August 2022 Edition
Adaptation of introduced robusta coffee clones in some agroclimate types in East Java
they are far from zero line and their pro-
duction is better than FRT 65 in all tested
locations. FRT 07 clone in Silosanen and
Malangsari plantations has a more suitable
or site-specific for the adaptation in term
of Robusta coffee production component.
Meanwhile, FRT 04, FRT 13 and FRT 06
clones did not show neither best fruit pro-
duction nor specific adaptation in each area
tested, although they still produce in each
period. FRT 09 clone is able to adapt in all
tested locations as indicated the distance
from the 0 line to the positive right position
and location specific for Kaliselogiri.
FRT 04 clone indicates low yield maybe
due to unsuitable. This indicates that the
clone cannot adapt well to the six locations
tested. Meanwhile, FRT 06 has not been able
to adapt optimally in all locations, although
the coordinate of FRT 06 is in the position of
positive-negative adaptation. FRT 13 clone is
almost close to the stable line position, but it
is still not included as a stable or broadly adapted
genotype candidate as shown in Figure 2.
This is because each plant character has
genetic potential and the interaction between
clone with location tested is different in
character.
Figure 2 shows the results of multivariate
biplot analysis of the clone adaptation during
the period of this study based on number
of fruits per bunch. It was revealed that Robusta
coffee clones, namely FRT 07, FRT 09, and
FRT 65 can adapt very well based on number
of fruits per tree and number of produc-
tive trees throughout the year. Meanwhile,
FRT 07 and 09 showed the most stable in
fruit production in each year where in 2016
showed very high fruit production. How-
ever, based on coffee production, FRT 13
clone did not have extensive adaptation or
specific adaptation and gave poor yield
every year. Although FRT 04 and FRT 06
clones did not produce fruits every year,
they still had a positive effect on the esti-
mated yield during the four coffee harvest
periods. FRT 13 and FRT 06 did not show
extensive adaptation in all locations tested,
because each clone has the ability to adjust
to environmental differences.
Figure 1. Biplot adaptation of six Robusta coffee clones with six locations of coffee plantations
in East Java against plant production components
Dimension 1 (94.6%)
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
2
1
0
-1
-2
Dimension 2 (4.1%)
FRT 06
FRT 04
FRT 23
FRT 65
G. Gumitir
Malangsari
FRT 07
Bangelan
FRT 09
Kaliselogiri
Kalibendo
Silosanen
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PELITA PERKEBUNAN, Volume 38, Number 2, August 2022 Edition
Sugianto et al.
Based on the results of the biplot analysis,
it can be explained that the interaction among
clones, locations and period (year) based on
the yield of 4 harvest periods, the locations
with wide adaptation are Kaliselogiri and
Malangsari plantations which are on coordi-
nate point (zero point). FRT 65 has a specific
adaptation at the Malangsari plantation.
However, in locations that have positive
specific adaptations such as in Bangelan and
Silosanen which have better yield compared
to other locations. G. Gumitir and Kalibendo
plantations show a specific negative adap-
tation or unfavorable locations for planting
the tested clones, although the location is
quite well planted with FRT 04 clone. The
resulting red line shows the annual produc-
tion rate which is influenced by location and
clone that have been observed in several
locations in East Java. However year 2016
is the highest production level compared to
the other 3 harvest year periods as shown
by lines that is far from zero point as shown
by Figure 2.
Based on the multivariate biplot, the
interaction of clones with location of Bangelan
approaches zero point as coordinate point,
meanwhile the clones of FRT 09 and FRT 65
are clones that have wide and stable adapta-
tion in each location. However, FRT 07 shows
specific high adaptations in each location.
Clones that are outside or far from the coordi-
nates or away from the arrow of the zero point
indicate that the clone show better perfor-
mance in term of yield at different locations,
as shown in Figure 3.
Each clone tested in a different area will
produce differently, because each clone has
a different genetic traits interact with envi-
ronment even though it comes from the same
species. Level of yield of a plant is highly
dependent on the environmental condition
where the genotype is planted (Sujiprihati
et al., 2006). Mut et al. (2009) stated that
the interaction of genotype x environment
caused the changes in the response of each
genotype tested in each environment.
Dimension 1 (65.3%)
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
G. Gumitir
Silosanen
MalangsariFRT 06
T 2016
FRT 65
T 2014
T 2017
T 2015
FRT 23
FRT 04
Kalibendo
Bangelan
FRT 09
FRT 07
Kaliselogiri
Figure 2. Biplot adaptability of Robusta clones tested by location and yield for four years period
Dimension 2 (18.1%)
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PELITA PERKEBUNAN, Volume 38, Number 2, August 2022 Edition
Adaptation of introduced robusta coffee clones in some agroclimate types in East Java
Figure 3. AMMI biplot on Robusta coffee production affected by interactions of several clones
and locations in East Java
Notes: Genotype code: FRT 04 (G1), FRT 06 (G2), FRT 07 (G3), FRT 09 (G4), FRT 23 (G5), FRT 65 (G6).
Environment code: Bangelan (E1), Gunung Gumitir (E2), Kalibendo (E3), Kaliselogiri (E4), Malangsari
(E5), Silosanen (E6).
PC 1
-40 -20 0 20 40 60
PC 2
20
10
0
-10
-20
G2
G3
G4
G5
E5
E2
E6
E1
E4
E3
G1
G6
Figure 4. Ideal environmental biplot for estimating the yields of Robusta coffee clones tested
when planted in six coffee plantations in East Java
Notes: Genotype code; FRT04 (G1), FRT06 (G2), FRT07 (G3), FRT09 (G4), FRT23 (G5), FRT65 (G6). Environment
code; Bangelan (E1), Gunung Gumitir (E2), Kalibendo (E3), Kaliselogiri (E4), Malangsari (E5), Silosanen (E6).
PC 1
-5000 0 5000 10000
PC 2
10000
5000
0
-50000
G2
G5
G1
G6
E4
AE4
E2
E5
E1
E6
E3
G4
Average Env
Ideal Env
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PELITA PERKEBUNAN, Volume 38, Number 2, August 2022 Edition
Sugianto et al.
Annual coffee production component
is affected by the environmental changes due
to variation in location and time (year) as
demonstrated by the multilocation test carried
out in this study (Figure 3). High variability
in macro environments will result in very
high diversity in the growing conditions
(Satoto et al., 2009). According to Nur (2000),
coffee crop production shows fluctuation
patterns which is strongly influenced by
annual weather conditions. The influence of
weather can be analyzed using population
data and the composition of productive trees
fertilized in the field.
Figure 4 presents the results of environment
and genotype interactions using AMMI analysis.
Data obtained from coffee plantations of
Silosanen and Kaliselogiri shows that the two
plantations located in the circle sector of
multivariate data analysis patterns. These
findings reveal that both environments are
suitable locations for planting the clones that
are in the positive line for estimating the yield
component of Robusta coffee clones. However,
those in the broken red line are unfavorable
locations for planting FRT 04, FRT 06, and
FRT 23 clones.
CONCLUSIONS
FRT 07 and FRT 09 clones are the best
clones in term of production and are able to
adapt with microclimate conditions of the
experimental sites of coffee plantations in
East Java. The two clones have more stable
results in coffee yield compared to other clones
and have interaction between locations and
clones tested annually. Relatively high produc-
tion were obtained in Bangelan and Gunung
Gumitir which may be related with rather wet
climate combined with length of dry months.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to express their appre-
ciation to the Directors of PTPN XII and
PT. Kalibendo for their permission to use
their coffee gardens for this study. A special
thanks to the managers of Silosanen, Gunung
Gumitir, Malangsari, Kaliselogiri, Bangelan,
and Kalibendo coffee plantations for providing
facilities during field works. We are also grate-
ful to one of the editor (JBB) for carefully
improving the manuscript.
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