Assessing the demand and current status of agricultural mechanization in major coffee-production areas of Ethiopia
Article Sidebar
PDF
Published
Aug 27, 2023
DIMENSION
ALTMETRIC
Main Article Content
Abstract
Ethiopia, the primary coffee producer in Africa and the fifth in the world is facing challenges in agricultural mechanization. The research aims to assess the status, constraints, preferences, and demand of mechanization in Ethiopia, focusing on strategies to improve smallholder access to capital-intensive inputs and bridgethe gap between mechanization and farmers’ needs. A household survey and focus group discussions were conducted on 136 random samples using a multistage procedure, with semi-structured questionnaires used to interview 81 households of small-scale and 19 households of large-scale coffee farmers. The studyfound that preferences for each operation during coffee production are based on difficulties in work drudgery, with 42.45% believing that the first energy-consuming operation is hole digging for coffee plantation and cultivation. Coffee harvesting is a highly time-sensitive operation for 49.4% of smallholder farmers, with handtools being the main implement dominantly used for weeding. Poor harvesting practices reduce the quality of coffee during processing, and some unions have two or more wet mills using old machinery. The main challenges for low mechanization in Ethiopia include difficult topography, fragmented land, a lack of manpower,lack of awareness of technology, weak linkages of coffee mechanization channels, high technology costs, a shortage of running budgets, and a weak support system of cooperatives and unions. Experts suggest that capacity building on extension systems is the best way to facilitate the extension system of coffee mechanization technology. Assessments of technology manufacturers, machine assemblers, maintenance service providers, and importers were conducted in Harar, Hawassa, Jimma, Bonga, and Addis Ababa cities. Challenges include a lack of enabling laws and incentives to facilitate business start-ups. Importation of small-scale enginedriven equipment is an additional means to meet demand in some cooperativesand may provide farmers with an alternative source of cheaper machinery. Ethiopian academics and higher education institutions are essential players in exploring mechanization options, and public and private sectors, including cooperatives and farmer organizations, need to have a clear understanding of their respectiveresponsibilities and areas for collaboration.
Article Details
How to Cite
Tikuneh, D., Issa, M., & Tefera, Y. (2023). Assessing the demand and current status of agricultural mechanization in major coffee-production areas of Ethiopia. Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal), 39(2), 149-172. https://doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v39i2.547
Issue
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
References
Ajit K. Srivastava, Carroll E. Goering, Roger P. Rohrbach, and Dennis R. Buckmaster. 2006. Agricultural Mechanization and Some Methods of Study. Chapter 1 in Engineering Principles of Agricultural Machines, 2nd ed., 1-14. St. Joseph, Michigan: ASABE (American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.
Auernhammer, H. 1994. GPS in agriculture: Computers, and Electronics in Agriculture 11(1).
Bealu Girma Adugna. 2021. Review on Coffee Production and Quality in Ethiopia. Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries. Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 208-213. doi 10.11648/j.aff.20211006.11
Birhanu Beshah, Daniel Kitaw, and, Tirufat Dejene. 2013. Quality and Value Chain Analyses of Ethiopian Coffee. Journal of Agriculture and Social Research, 13(2):35-43.
CIMMYT. 2014. Farm Mechanization and Conservation Agriculture for Sustainable Intensification (FACASI) Project: Market Analysis for Small Mechanization- Ethiopia.
Davis, A.P., Gole, T.W., Baena, S., Moat, J. 2012. The impact of climate change on natural populations of Arabica coffee: predicting future trends and identifying priorities.
Demelash Teferi, Alemseged Yilma, Lemi Beksisisa. 2018. Assessment Report on Effect of Dust on Coffee Production at Biftu Quarry Site. Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Jimma Agricultural Research Center, Jimma, Ethiopia.
Dempsey J. Ruth C. 2008. A Value-Chain Approach to Coffee Production: Linking Ethiopian Coffee Producers to International Markets.
Diro, S., Erko, B., & Teferi, D. (2018). Assessment of Coffee Farmers Mechanization Demand for Resource Use Efficiency : Survey Result of Gomma District of Jimma Zone Assessment of Coffee Farmers Mechanization Demand for Resource Use Efficiency : Survey Result of Gomma District of Jimma Zone. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wjas.2018.128.136
Diro, S., Erko, B., & Teferi, D. (2018). Assessment of Coffee Farmers Mechanization Demand for Resource use Efficiency : Survey Result of Gomma District of Jimma Zone. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 14(4), 128–136. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wjas.2018.128.136
Diro, S., Erko, B., & Yami, M. (2019a). Cost of Production of Coffee in Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Ethiop. J. Agric. Sci., 29(3).
Diro, S., Erko, B., & Yami, M. (2019b). Cost of Production of Coffee in Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Ethiop. J. Agric. Sci., 29(3), 13–28.
FDRE (Democratic Republic of Ethiopia). 2009. Country Program Evaluation of the Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.
Feed the future. 2012. Postharvest Loss Brief: Coffee, Feed the Future Ethiopia Value Chain Activity Partnering with the Agricultural Growth Program. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Fortune C.F., Tawanda D. 2013. An Assessment of Agricultural Mechanization Index and Evaluation of Agricultural Productivity of Some Fast Track Resettlement Farms in Bindura District of Mashonaland Central Province: Zimbabwe. International Journal of Social Science & Interdisciplinary Research. 2 (7).
https://www.laterite.com/blog/four-ways-to-measure-coffee-yields-in-ethiopia/#:~:text=Stumping%20involves%20cutting%20the%20coffee,even%20older%20than%2040%20years
International Coffee Organization (ICO). 2015. Historical Data on the Global Coffee Trade. Retrieved from: https://www.ico.org/new_historical.asp?section=Statistics
John S., Nebil K. 2010. An Enterprise map of Ethiopia, International growth center, Kaplinsky,
Justin M., Jenny W., Susana B., Timothy W., Tadesse W. Gole, Zeleke K. Challa, Sebsebe Demissew, and Aaron P. Davis
Kienzle, J., Ashburner J. E., Sims B. G.2013. Mechanization for Rural Development: A review of patterns and progress from around the world. Plant Production and Protection Division Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
Laterite (2022). What’s stumping, and why is it important?
Liu, Y.; Tian, Z. Analysis on Household income levels affect the demand for farm machinery and equipment. Chin. Rural Econ. 2009, 12, 44–55.
Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development (MoARD) (2009) Sustainable Production and Supply of Fine Arabica Coffee to the World Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Minten, B., Tamru, S., Kuma, T. & Nyarko, Y. (2014). Structure and Performance of Ethiopia’s Coffee Export Sector. Working paper 66. June 2014. Addis Ababa: Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Pp 30.
Moat, J., Williams, J., Baena, S., Wilkinson, T., Demissew, S., Challa, Z.K., Gole, T.W. & Davis. A.P. (2017). Coffee Farming and Climate Change in Ethiopia: Impacts, Forecasts, Resilience, and Opportunities. – Summary. The Strategic Climate Institutions Programme (SCIP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (UK). Pp. 37.
Motebayenore, E. (2022). Review on Coffee Production Constraints and Opportunities in Ethiopia. Journal of Horticulture, 9(1000082), 1–7.
Motebayenore, E. (2022). Review on Coffee Production Constraints and Opportunities in Ethiopia. Journal of Horticulture, 9(1000082), 1–7.
Muhie, S. H. (2022). Strategies to improve the quantity and quality of export coffee in Ethiopia, a look at multiple opportunities. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 10(August), 100372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2022.100372
Muhie, S. H. (2022). Strategies to improve the quantity and quality of export coffee in Ethiopia, a look at multiple opportunities. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 10(August), 100372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2022.100372
Nure, D. 2008. Mapping quality profiles of Ethiopian coffee by origin, in Eds. Adugna, G., Bellachew, B., Shimber, T., Taye, E., Kufa, T. 2008. Coffee diversity & knowledge, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: 317- 227.
Shumeta, Z. (2017). Impact of cooperatives on smallholder coffee producers in southwest Ethiopia [The Netherlands Organization for International Cooperation in Higher Education (NUFFIC), The Netherlands]. https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8521213/file/8521214.pdf
Shumeta, Z. (2017). Impact of cooperatives on smallholder coffee producers in southwest Ethiopia [The Netherlands Organization for International Cooperation in Higher Education (NUFFIC), The Netherlands]. https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8521213/file/8521214.pdf
Tefera, A. 2015. Ethiopia: Coffee Annual Report. GAIN Report (number ET1514–26/5/2015). USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. Pp 6.
Tefera, A., & Mello, E. (2022). Report Name : Coffee Annual.United States Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service. In Coffee Annual.
Tefera, A., & Mello, E. (2022). Report Name : Coffee Annual.United States Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service. In Coffee Annual.
Tefera, A., Tefera, T. (2014). w. GAIN Report (number ET1402–13/5/2014). USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. Pp. 11.
USDA Foreign Agriculture Service and Global Agriculture Information Service. 2019. Ethiopian Coffee Annual Report. GAIN Report. ET1904
World Bank, (2009) World Development Report 2010: Agriculture for Development / World Bank. Vol. 30 Washington, D.C: World Bank. < http://www.worldbank.org > Accessed on June 2020.
World Bank. (2021). Ethiopian Farmers Triple Coffee Yields with Sustainable Tree Stumping. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2021/04/20/ethiopian-farmers-triple-coffee-yields-with-sustainable-tree-stumping . Accessed on May 04, 2023.
Auernhammer, H. 1994. GPS in agriculture: Computers, and Electronics in Agriculture 11(1).
Bealu Girma Adugna. 2021. Review on Coffee Production and Quality in Ethiopia. Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries. Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 208-213. doi 10.11648/j.aff.20211006.11
Birhanu Beshah, Daniel Kitaw, and, Tirufat Dejene. 2013. Quality and Value Chain Analyses of Ethiopian Coffee. Journal of Agriculture and Social Research, 13(2):35-43.
CIMMYT. 2014. Farm Mechanization and Conservation Agriculture for Sustainable Intensification (FACASI) Project: Market Analysis for Small Mechanization- Ethiopia.
Davis, A.P., Gole, T.W., Baena, S., Moat, J. 2012. The impact of climate change on natural populations of Arabica coffee: predicting future trends and identifying priorities.
Demelash Teferi, Alemseged Yilma, Lemi Beksisisa. 2018. Assessment Report on Effect of Dust on Coffee Production at Biftu Quarry Site. Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Jimma Agricultural Research Center, Jimma, Ethiopia.
Dempsey J. Ruth C. 2008. A Value-Chain Approach to Coffee Production: Linking Ethiopian Coffee Producers to International Markets.
Diro, S., Erko, B., & Teferi, D. (2018). Assessment of Coffee Farmers Mechanization Demand for Resource Use Efficiency : Survey Result of Gomma District of Jimma Zone Assessment of Coffee Farmers Mechanization Demand for Resource Use Efficiency : Survey Result of Gomma District of Jimma Zone. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wjas.2018.128.136
Diro, S., Erko, B., & Teferi, D. (2018). Assessment of Coffee Farmers Mechanization Demand for Resource use Efficiency : Survey Result of Gomma District of Jimma Zone. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 14(4), 128–136. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wjas.2018.128.136
Diro, S., Erko, B., & Yami, M. (2019a). Cost of Production of Coffee in Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Ethiop. J. Agric. Sci., 29(3).
Diro, S., Erko, B., & Yami, M. (2019b). Cost of Production of Coffee in Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Ethiop. J. Agric. Sci., 29(3), 13–28.
FDRE (Democratic Republic of Ethiopia). 2009. Country Program Evaluation of the Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.
Feed the future. 2012. Postharvest Loss Brief: Coffee, Feed the Future Ethiopia Value Chain Activity Partnering with the Agricultural Growth Program. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Fortune C.F., Tawanda D. 2013. An Assessment of Agricultural Mechanization Index and Evaluation of Agricultural Productivity of Some Fast Track Resettlement Farms in Bindura District of Mashonaland Central Province: Zimbabwe. International Journal of Social Science & Interdisciplinary Research. 2 (7).
https://www.laterite.com/blog/four-ways-to-measure-coffee-yields-in-ethiopia/#:~:text=Stumping%20involves%20cutting%20the%20coffee,even%20older%20than%2040%20years
International Coffee Organization (ICO). 2015. Historical Data on the Global Coffee Trade. Retrieved from: https://www.ico.org/new_historical.asp?section=Statistics
John S., Nebil K. 2010. An Enterprise map of Ethiopia, International growth center, Kaplinsky,
Justin M., Jenny W., Susana B., Timothy W., Tadesse W. Gole, Zeleke K. Challa, Sebsebe Demissew, and Aaron P. Davis
Kienzle, J., Ashburner J. E., Sims B. G.2013. Mechanization for Rural Development: A review of patterns and progress from around the world. Plant Production and Protection Division Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
Laterite (2022). What’s stumping, and why is it important?
Liu, Y.; Tian, Z. Analysis on Household income levels affect the demand for farm machinery and equipment. Chin. Rural Econ. 2009, 12, 44–55.
Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development (MoARD) (2009) Sustainable Production and Supply of Fine Arabica Coffee to the World Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Minten, B., Tamru, S., Kuma, T. & Nyarko, Y. (2014). Structure and Performance of Ethiopia’s Coffee Export Sector. Working paper 66. June 2014. Addis Ababa: Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Pp 30.
Moat, J., Williams, J., Baena, S., Wilkinson, T., Demissew, S., Challa, Z.K., Gole, T.W. & Davis. A.P. (2017). Coffee Farming and Climate Change in Ethiopia: Impacts, Forecasts, Resilience, and Opportunities. – Summary. The Strategic Climate Institutions Programme (SCIP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (UK). Pp. 37.
Motebayenore, E. (2022). Review on Coffee Production Constraints and Opportunities in Ethiopia. Journal of Horticulture, 9(1000082), 1–7.
Motebayenore, E. (2022). Review on Coffee Production Constraints and Opportunities in Ethiopia. Journal of Horticulture, 9(1000082), 1–7.
Muhie, S. H. (2022). Strategies to improve the quantity and quality of export coffee in Ethiopia, a look at multiple opportunities. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 10(August), 100372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2022.100372
Muhie, S. H. (2022). Strategies to improve the quantity and quality of export coffee in Ethiopia, a look at multiple opportunities. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 10(August), 100372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2022.100372
Nure, D. 2008. Mapping quality profiles of Ethiopian coffee by origin, in Eds. Adugna, G., Bellachew, B., Shimber, T., Taye, E., Kufa, T. 2008. Coffee diversity & knowledge, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: 317- 227.
Shumeta, Z. (2017). Impact of cooperatives on smallholder coffee producers in southwest Ethiopia [The Netherlands Organization for International Cooperation in Higher Education (NUFFIC), The Netherlands]. https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8521213/file/8521214.pdf
Shumeta, Z. (2017). Impact of cooperatives on smallholder coffee producers in southwest Ethiopia [The Netherlands Organization for International Cooperation in Higher Education (NUFFIC), The Netherlands]. https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8521213/file/8521214.pdf
Tefera, A. 2015. Ethiopia: Coffee Annual Report. GAIN Report (number ET1514–26/5/2015). USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. Pp 6.
Tefera, A., & Mello, E. (2022). Report Name : Coffee Annual.United States Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service. In Coffee Annual.
Tefera, A., & Mello, E. (2022). Report Name : Coffee Annual.United States Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service. In Coffee Annual.
Tefera, A., Tefera, T. (2014). w. GAIN Report (number ET1402–13/5/2014). USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. Pp. 11.
USDA Foreign Agriculture Service and Global Agriculture Information Service. 2019. Ethiopian Coffee Annual Report. GAIN Report. ET1904
World Bank, (2009) World Development Report 2010: Agriculture for Development / World Bank. Vol. 30 Washington, D.C: World Bank. < http://www.worldbank.org > Accessed on June 2020.
World Bank. (2021). Ethiopian Farmers Triple Coffee Yields with Sustainable Tree Stumping. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2021/04/20/ethiopian-farmers-triple-coffee-yields-with-sustainable-tree-stumping . Accessed on May 04, 2023.